A study of conflict data across Africa highlights key areas on the continent where violence, political instability, and other forms of insecurity have resulted in large numbers of refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs). These patterns of displacement are closely linked to the intensity and duration of conflicts, as well as the capacity of governments to respond effectively. In many cases, displacement is prolonged, with affected populations facing limited opportunities for safe return or resettlement. This growing humanitarian challenge continues to strain national resources and international aid systems.

In West Africa, the crisis is largely driven by violent extremism linked to Al-Qaeda affiliates and Islamic State (IS) franchises operating in the Sahel, northern Nigeria, and the wider Lake Chad Basin. Countries most affected include Nigeria, Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger. These groups exploit weak governance, poverty, and local grievances to expand their influence. As a result, communities face frequent attacks, destruction of infrastructure, and loss of livelihoods, all of which contribute to widespread displacement and deepening humanitarian crises across the region.